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NEW QUESTION 155
Parasitic wasps propagate by injecting their eggs into a caterpillar that then becomes paralyzed as the eggs inside develop into wasp larvae. The wasp larvae kill the caterpillar host as they feed on it, form cocoons, and finally develop into wasps. In attempting to discover how such wasps detect the presence of the caterpillar hosts that are so critical to the wasps' propagation, researchers have uncovered an intriguing defense mechanism developed by the plants on which the caterpillars feed.
When chewed on, many plants release volatile compounds from both damaged and undamaged tissues. When these compounds are toxic to the insects that feed on the plants, they can help defend the plants from such attacks. However, the plants on which the wasps' caterpillar hosts feed have evolved an even more complex defense: the caterpillar-infested plants appear to release volatile chemicals that attract parasitic wasps, which then prey on the caterpillars. Scientists originally suspected that the wasps were attracted by an odor, reminiscent of cut grass, that is released as the caterpillar feeds, but a recent study suggests that a different set of volatile attractants is involved. In this study, when researchers used a razor blade to mimic caterpillar damage on the leaves, only grassy odors were emitted, not the volatile compounds that attracted wasps.
However, when oral secretions from the caterpillars were applied to these damaged leaves, the leaves released the wasp attractants several hours later. Further tests revealed that oral secretions placed on the razor-damaged leaves stimulated the release of such attractants, making the plants as attractive to wasps as plants that had suffered actual caterpillar damage. These results suggest that chemicals from the caterpillar must be present for these attractants to be released and that unlike the grassy scent, which emanates only as the caterpillar on the plant, the wasp attractants are produced several hours after the attack and persist for several hours, perhaps days. Researchers have launched additional studies to determine whether the wasps' capacity to prey on caterpillars can be enhanced to the extent that the wasps could be used as a natural pesticide to "police" plants and protect them from crop-destroying caterpillars.
The first two sentences of the second paragraph serve primarily to
- A. provide a point of reference against which the author's description of a related phenomenon can be compared
- B. offer a conventional but probably inaccurate view of how many plants defend themselves from predators
- C. provide an example of a species that relies on the help of another species in defending itself against a particular predator
- D. introduce the phenomenon that the experiment described later in the passage is designed to explain
- E. introduce a phenomenon that casts doubt on experimental results described later in the passage
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 156
In 1987 sinusitis was the most common chronic medical condition in the United States, followed by arthritis and high blood pressure, in that order.
The incidence rates for both arthritis and high blood pressure increase with age, but the incidence rate for sinusitis is the same for people of all ages.
The average age of the United States population will increase between 1987 and 2000.
Which of the following conclusions can be most properly drawn about chronic medical conditions in the United States from the information given above?
- A. A majority of the population will suffer from at least one of the medical conditions mentioned above by the year 2000.
- B. Fewer people will suffer from sinusitis in 2000 than suffered from it in 1987.
- C. Sinusitis will be more common than either arthritis or high blood pressure in 2000.
- D. The average age of people suffering from sinusitis will increase between 1987 and 2000.
- E. Arthritis will be the most common chronic medical condition in 2000.
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 157
In the United States in 1986, the average rate of violent crime in states with strict gun-control laws was 645 crimes per 100,000 persons - about 50 percent higher than the average rate in the eleven states where strict gun-control laws have never been passed. Thus one way to reduce violent crime is to repeal strict gun control laws.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
- A. In states without strict gun-control laws, many individuals have had no formal training in the use of firearms.
- B. Less than half of the individuals who reside in states without strict gun-control laws own a gun.
- C. The annual rate of violent crime in states with strict gun-control laws has decreased since the passage of those laws.
- D. The annual rate of nonviolent crime is lower in states with strict gun-control laws than in states without such laws.
- E. In states with strict gun-control laws, few individuals are prosecuted for violating such laws.
Answer: C
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NEW QUESTION 158
One way to judge the performance of a company is to compare it with other companies. This technique, commonly called "benchmarking," permits the manager of a company to discover better industrial practices and can provide a justification for the adoption of good practices.
Any of the following, if true, is a valid reason for benchmarking the performance of a company against companies with which it is not in competition rather than against competitors EXCEPT:
- A. Comparisons with competitors are most likely to focus on practices that the manager making the comparisons already employs.
- B. Since companies that compete with each other are likely to have comparable levels of efficiency, only benchmarking against non competitors is likely to reveal practices that would aid in beating competitors.
- C. Managers are generally more receptive to new ideas that they find outside their own industry.
- D. Getting "inside" information about the unique practices of competitors is particularly difficult.
- E. Much of the success of good companies is due to their adoption of practices that take advantage of the special circumstances of their products of markets.
Answer: A
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NEW QUESTION 159
In the effort to fire a Civil Service employee, his or her manager may have to spend up to $100,000 of tax money. Since Civil Service employees know how hard it is to fire them, they tend to loaf. This explains in large part why the government is so inefficient.
It can be properly inferred on the basis of the statements above that the author believes which of the following?
I. Too much job security can have a negative influence on workers.
II. More government workers should be fired.
III. Most government workers are Civil Service employees.
- A. II only
- B. III only
- C. I and III only
- D. I, II, and III
- E. I only
Answer: E
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NEW QUESTION 160
In tests for pironoma, a serious disease, a false positive result indicates that people have pironoma when, in fact, they do not; a false negative result indicates that people do not have pironoma when, in fact, they do. To detect pironoma most accurately, physicians should use the laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false positive results.
Which of the following, if true, gives the most support to the recommendation above?
- A. The accepted treatment for pironoma does not have damaging side effects.
- B. The laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false positive results causes the same minor side effects as do the other laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.
- C. All laboratory tests to detect pironoma have the same proportion of false negative results.
- D. In treating pironoma patients, it is essential to begin treatment as early as possible, since even a week of delay can result in loss of life.
- E. The proportion of inconclusive test results is equal for all laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.
Answer: C
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NEW QUESTION 161
With more and more classes being offered online, more and more students will earn their degrees in virtual universities. Students in California will graduate from schools in New York without ever leaving their state.
Because online courses offer flexibility without geographic boundaries, virtual degrees will be in greater demand, and colleges and universities should invest the bulk of their resources in developing online degree programs.
All of the following, if true, are valid objections to this argument EXCEPT
- A. online courses are more time consuming for faculty to develop than regular courses.
- B. many students need the ability to attend class outside of regular classroom hours.
- C. there is no way to ensure the authenticity of a student's work in an online environment.
- D. not every course is suitable for an online environment.
- E. some students prefer the traditional classroom to the virtual classroom.
Answer: B
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All of the choices except b offer reasons why online degree programs are problematic, suggesting that resources should not be focused on developing online degree programs. Choice b offers support for the argument by stating that the flexibility of online classes will attract students who would not normally be able to attend regular classes.
NEW QUESTION 162
In the United States, injuries to passengers involved in automobile accidents are typically more severe than in Europe, where laws require a different kind of safety belt. It is clear from this that the United States needs to adopt more stringent standards for safety belt design to protect automobile passengers better.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument above EXCEPT:
- A. Europeans are more likely to wear safety belts than are people in the United States.
- B. States that have recently begun requiring the European safety belt have experienced no reduction in the average severity of injuries suffered by passengers in automobile accidents.
- C. Unlike United States drivers, European drivers receive training in how best to react in the event of an accident to minimize injuries to themselves and to their passengers.
- D. Cars built for the European market tend to have more sturdy construction than do cars built for the United States market.
- E. Automobile passengers in the United States have a greater statistical chance of being involved in an accident than do passengers in Europe.
Answer: E
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NEW QUESTION 163
The primary purpose of the passage is to
- A. describe the conjunction fallacy and consider evidence as to whether it is in fact widely committed
- B. illustrate how the formulation of choices in terms of betting can eliminate certain forms of ambiguity
- C. explain why some of the subjects in the study did not commit the conjunction fallacy
- D. discuss why the conjunction fallacy is a mistake
- E. Identify an area In which mathematical probability theory needs to make further advancements
Answer: E
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Explanation
Mathematical principles of probability entail that for any future event, the probability that it will occur Is at least as great as the probability that both it and some other given event will occur. Consider, for example, the following statements that were shown to subjects in a 1998 study.
X The percentage of adolescent smokers In Texas will decrease at least 15% from current levels by September
1, 1999.
Y The cigarette tax in Texas will increase by $1.00 per pack in 1999.
Z The cigarette tax in Texas will increase by $1.00 per pack in 1999, and the percentage of adolescent smokers in Texas will decrease at least 15% from current levels by September 1, 1999.
Z("Kand X") could not have been more probable than X. Nevertheless, many of the subjects judged Zto be more probable than X. This mistaken form of reasoning, displayed with surprising frequency in various studies in addition to the 1998 study, is known as the "conjunction fallacy." A number of researchers have offered alternative explanations for the seeming manifestations of the mistake, thus arguing that the fallacy is less widely committed than the various studies would indicate. Some have claimed that research subjects can take "probability" in a sense that does not conform to the mathematical principles of probability. Detailed descriptions of some such conceptions of "probability" have been developed under the names of "confirmation" and "support." Other researchers would claim, correctly, that subjects shown Z(" Kand X") and ^simultaneously will sometimes think of Xas involving the negation of Y-as a claim that the percentage of adolescent smokers in Texas will decrease, but without the $1.00 increase in the cigarette tax.
However, although the subjects in the 1998 study were to consider Xand Z simultaneously, the statements were presented in terms of bets rather than explicit requests for judgments of relative probability. Subjects were asked to choose between Zand X, with a chance of winning $50.00 if the chosen statement turned out to be true. Terms such as "most probable," "likely," etc., were thus avoided, and the interpretation of X\n conjunction with the negation of Kwas thereby eliminated. And with these alternative explanations eliminated, many of the subjects nonetheless bet on Zrather than X:
NEW QUESTION 164 
Each element in A belongs to C.
Each element in D belongs to B.
- A. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
- B. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
- C. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
- D. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
- E. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION 165
Lewis and Clark were not the first white men to cross the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of Mexico, and they did not visit places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.
- A. and did not visit places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.
- B. nor did they visit places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.
- C. nor had they visited places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.
- D. and they had not visit places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.
- E. and they did not visit places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.
Answer: B
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The best answer is E.
Being the second thing that Lewis and Clark did not do, the word nor is required.
The first negative phrase is in the past simple, so the second one must be in past simple form as well.
NEW QUESTION 166
The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii, therefore, their children would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family remained in Louisiana.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn in the passage?
- A. Insurance company statisticians do not believe that moving to Hawaii will significantly lengthen the average Louisianian's life.
- B. The longevity ascribed to Hawaii's current population is attributable mostly to genetically determined factors.
- C. The governor of Louisiana has falsely alleged that statistics for his state are inaccurate.
- D. Thirty percent of all Louisianians can expect to live longer than 77 years.
- E. Most of the Hawaiian Islands have levels of air pollution well below the national average for the United States.
Answer: B
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NEW QUESTION 167
The Asian American History Association receives approximately 1,000 proposals each year from individuals who wish to present papers at its annual meeting. The association's officers would like to ensure constant standards of quality in the presentations from year to year. The officers have therefore decided to accept for presentation each year only the best 300 papers selected on the basis of the quality of the proposals submitted.
Of the following, the best criticism of the officers' plan is that the plan assumes that
- A. Each proposal submitted to the association deserves to be considered a serious candidate for presentation.
- B. It is difficult to judge the quality of a paper on the basis of the proposal alone.
- C. The total number of proposals submitted to the association will remain at approximately 1,000 in future years.
- D. Professional associations cannot accept all papers submitted for presentation at their annual meetings.
- E. The best 300 papers submitted to the association for presentation will be of the same quality from year to year.
Answer: E
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NEW QUESTION 168
Increasing the speed limit to 65 miles per hour or more on highways is dangerous and only leads to more accidents. Whenever the highway speed has been increased, accident rates have increased in that state.
Maine raised its turnpike speed to 65 mph in November, and more fatal accidents occurred in December than any other month in the year. Highway fatalities in December and January combined were up 18% from November.
All of the following are valid criticisms of this argument EXCEPT
- A. it only cites statistics for one state.
- B. it does not specify whether the accident rate increase was in accidents only on the highways where the speed limit was increased or on all highways.
- C. it does not consider other possible causes for increases in accidents, such as winter weather driving conditions in Maine.
- D. it does not acknowledge that speed is not the only cause of accidents.
- E. it does not explain why the speed limit was originally set at 55 mph.
Answer: E
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The issue in the argument is whether increased speed limits are dangerous, so the argument should focus on proving that this is the case. The fact that the argument does not discuss why the speed limit was originally set at 55 mph is essentially irrelevant, so it is not a valid criticism of the argument. All of the other options, however, express valid criticisms and point out significant flaws in the reasoning.
NEW QUESTION 169
The woodland sub-species were in isolation from contact with humans longer than either their marsh cousins or the tree-dwelling sub-species.
- A. in isolation from contact with humans longer than were
- B. isolated from contact with humans longer than were
- C. isolated from contact with humans longer than
- D. in isolation from contact with humans longer than
- E. in isolation and without contacts with humans longer than
Answer: A
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The best answer is C.
The infinitive to abolish follows the verb ordered; producing the grammatical and idiomatic sequence X ordered Y to do Z.
NEW QUESTION 170 
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 171
Partly because of bad weather, but also partly because some major pepper growers have switched to high-priced cocoa, world production of pepper has been running well below worldwide sales for three years. Pepper is consequently in relatively short supply. The price of pepper has soared in response: it now equals that of cocoa.
Some observers have concluded that the rise in the price of pepper means that the switch by some growers from pepper to cocoa left those growers no better off than if none of them had switched; this conclusion, however, is unwarranted because it can be inferred to be likely that
- A. the initial cost involved in switching from pepper to cocoa is substantial
- B. supplies of pepper would not be as low as they are if those growers had not switched crops
- C. cocoa crops are as susceptible to being reduced by bad weather as are pepper crops
- D. as more growers turn to growing cocoa, cocoa supplies will increase and the price of cocoa will fall precipitously
- E. those growers could not have foreseen how high the price of pepper would go
Answer: B
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NEW QUESTION 172
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